My Experience Of My Life My Quality Of Life - 848 Words

If you only had nine months to live, what would you do with the time you had left? Allow me to tell you a story of what I would do with mine. Recently I visited my Primary Care Physician for a routine physical. Unfortunately, I was astonished by the results. I was told my days were numbered. My physician informed me I would be deceased within nine months. However, there was an upside, if I could keep my spirit’s high during the ill-fated situation I was faced with. My quality of life would not be diminished during my last months. Ironically, it was the same amount of time my parents had to prepare for my birth after conception. When thinking about that, the first thing that came to mind was my twenty-two-month-old twins Landon and Leila. I†¦show more content†¦She was in her cute turquoise and white tutu swimsuit. Her playful smile was incredibly adorable. There were many other videos and pictures that were indescribable. A thousand words could not even do the job ade quately. Secondly, we went to their only living Great Grandmothers eighty-fourth birthday. The video footage and photos of that trip were also unforgettable. Leila and Landon ate a variety of new foods. The facial expressions captured were truly priceless. Some evoked memories of my own childhood. They had expressions of disgust and others were of delight from my grandmothers mouthwatering and deliciousness food. Another memorable video was of Leila, Landon and their cousins chasing the beautiful yet territorial ducks. It was hilarious. My Grandmother playfully chased the kids, the kids chased the parent ducks and the parent ducks chased the baby ducks around the pond in the back yard. Several generations of my family were laughing. These were the type of memories I wanted to capture and leave for them. There were many other memorable events and trips that videos and pictures captured during those nine months. However, I also knew I had to plan for my children’s future. I began with the easiest task first. Getting the easy ones out of the way first would allow me to focus my efforts on the time consuming yet inevitable ones. First, I made sure my six-figure life insurance policy premium was paid in full for the next year. IShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Behavior And The Social Sciences1671 Words   |  7 Pagesis more than a subject for me as it helped me to experience the different views of my peers. There is no doubt that, this subject is an eye opener for me that gives value to my work ethics and understandings. Before beginning to learn the subject, there were so many unknown factors that required clarifications in my work life. 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The Postive Effect of Video Games on Young Children

Video games are an ever-present part of almost all children’s lives. Whether children play on a computer, lap top, IPod, IPhone, cell phone, or tablet, many children have daily assess to video games. For this reason many research has examined the effects that video games have on young children. Granic, Lobel, and Engels (2014) reported that â€Å"video games are a ubiquitous part of almost all children’s and adolescents’ lives, with 97% playing for at least one hour per day in the United States† (p.1). Currently, researchers have found that the vast majority of studies have been on its negative impact. Some of the potential harms related to video games are exposure to violence, addiction, and lack of social skills. However, as parents it is our duty to monitor young children’s choices to ensure that they are playing games that are developmentally appropriate for them. This essay will examine the research that supports the effectiveness of video games in enhancing children’s learning and focusing on cognitive, literacy, and social development. In the last decade, the manner in which video games have been generated has radically been transformed. This alteration allowed a small but significant body of research to transpire. Some parents, principals, educators, and researchers believe that video games enhance children’s learning. On the other hand, others believe video games destroy the lives of young children. Nevertheless, many agree that this matter is significant andShow MoreRelatedThe Love of the Game: Video Games Essay977 Words   |  4 PagesLove of the Game Currently, video games are a part of the lives of nearly all children. Video games are an element of modern life and have a lasting impact. There are various opinions regarding the impact that video games have on young children. For example there are those who believe that video games cause nothing but harm to children. On the other hand, there are others who believe that video games effectively support children’s learning. Educational video games offer children endless optionsRead MoreThe Postive and Negative Social, Educational and Health Effects of Cell Phones on Teenagers3132 Words   |  13 PagesTHE POSTIVE AND NEGATIVE SOCIAL, EDUCATIONAL AND HEALTH EFFECTS OF CELL PHONES ON TEENAGERS By Agshin Alizada For the course HSB 4MI Presented to Miss Dahl BLUEVALE COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE Table of Contents Page 1.0 Introduction 3 2.0 Discussion ` 4 2.1 Positive and Negative Social Effects of Cell Phones on Teenagers 4 2.2 Positive and Negative Educational Effects

Of Mice and Men Friendship and Loyalty Essay Example For Students

Of Mice and Men: Friendship and Loyalty Essay Of Mice and Men: Friendship and Loyalty Essay The book that I have read that has really stayed with me is Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck. I really enjoyed reading it which is unusual because I usualy dont enjoy reading to much. There was something about George and Lennies friendship that really made me think. Seeing how they were and how they shared life was really intresting. George didnt have to bother with Lennie, he could have abandoned him and gone on his own way. This made me think that if they could work hard for there dream why cant I. It showed me that it does not matter were you come from or what you do, it is okay to dream and work as hard as you can to reach it . For all it shows for friendship and loyalty it also shows how sometimes you have to do things you never thought you would do. For example in the end when George is forced to shoot Lennie in the head you would never have thought he would do that, but you can see that under the circumstances he had no other choice. He only had two choices let the other people get to him first and watch them torture Lennie while he died a long horrible death or do it himself and get it over quick were Lennie did not know what hit him. This is also true in life, many times we are faced with tuff choices and even though they may be the hardest you will have to go through, you know that that is the only way. You come to the realization that everything you thought you was about, can all change with a blink of the eye. Category: English .

Professional Project Plan

Context of the study As the number of students studying Foreign Language increases worldwide, there is need to improve their proficiency in such languages. As a matter of interest, there have been different studies, which have been looking into ways of improving learning different foreign languages.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Professional Project Plan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the recent past, there have been studies carried out with the aim of encouraging foreign language learning through technology in form of Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL). In the Middle East however, research on the usefulness for elementary-prep school EFL teachers to incorporate CALL in their day to day classroom activities has not yet drawn the attention of many researchers. The most interesting part of it is that, Middle East has a very unique culture and history of origin (Teh Fraser, 1995). The region is strug gling with the aim of becoming global citizen, where global and international firms and entities are in a position of prospering in the region. As a result, the region is very much committed to a population that is well educated with proficiency in international languages like English, for instance. Many teachers have worked in different kindergartens with children four and five years old. As a matter of fact, such teachers have lots of experience and also shared their ideas and approach of teaching. The problem is such teachers might not have enough teaching qualifications, as some have education background in accounting profession, rather than teaching. This issue is possible due to two main facts; the first fact is that kindergartens are preparation especially for basic academic skills. Secondly, there was no specific local higher educational institution that generates Early Childhood teachers until two years ago. Before then the assumption in the Middle East was that for one to be a kinder teacher, there is no need of special skills. There have been significant changes that have been made to improve education quality, especially at their workplace, but with all these changes, some still feel that, their aims have not been fully reached. As a result, this project plan provides a reflection of teaching profession, to find out whether teachers have practised teaching based on children’s developmental requirements.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hopefully from such reflection teachers might recognize their problems and limitations in their previous teaching practices and find good solutions while at the same time, enriching good practices. Project Rationale The study will investigate the usefulness of elementary-prep school EFL teachers to incorporate CALL in their day to day classroom activities in Middle Eastern settings. This will serve as an effort o f increasing EFL proficiency, with the aim of being the engine that will increase CALL research in Middle East. In terms of social change, the findings herein will help make teachers as well as other relevant stakeholders aware of the benefits associated with adopting Computer Assisted Language Learning. It is worth noting that if this is done in a rational and sober manner, then level of education, performance among other things will tremendously improve for the better in Middle East schools. This is very important in determining the future of our children who seek quality education, thus producing academically successful students with great hope for future success as adults and productive citizens to our society. Study objectives The main question the research proposal intends to answer is if it is useful for elementary-prep school EFL teachers to incorporate CALL in their day to day classroom activities in Middle Eastern settings? In trying to answer this major question, the proj ect will be guided by the following questions; What are the benefits of CALL in foreign language learning to learners in Middle East? Is it of beneficial for teachers to incorporate CALL in teaching student in the Middle East? What are the Middle Eastern governments’ policies towards CALL in TEFL? What are the limitations of incorporating CALL in TEFL daily activities? As a result, the main focus would be on learners and teachers attitudes towards CALL in the Middle East (elementary-prep students aged 11-13). Literature Review According to Kessler, 2007 the introduction of Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) system holds a greater potential than traditional teaching method for improving foreign language learning. Through its use, for example internet applications, activities which are considered meaningful in EFL are brought to class.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Professional Project Plan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/pa ge Learn More When such activities combine with sounds along with texts and graphics, CALL enriches and extends the class instructional activities.  As a result, in the Middle East, parents and teachers have invested much in computer technology with the aim that it will change the experience of foreign language learning (Kessler, 2007). The use of CALL has the power of increasing of providing quality language learning experience to learners. The system also provided platforms for distance language learning, where learners can are able to view and interact with the contents of learning at any place. CALL faces a lot of limitations, â€Å"innovations in computer assisted learning rarely have been evaluated in terms of their impact on the nature of classroom learning environment as perceived by students† (Teh and Fraser, 1995: 32). This is particularly CALL under which induced technology pedagogy is looked upon as being a panacea to problems of teaching, for ins tance, inadequate chances for real life communication, student motivation, as well as the provision of authentic input. Another limitation is that, there are ethical issues which have to be taken into consideration for instance abuse of the technology, privacy matter, confidentiality among others that renders a second thought in traditional language learning methods. Such considerations have not been handled in CALL. In addition, CALL faces limitations in its applications, for instance inadequate training and unfamiliarity of the technology by both teachers and students. This has led to a lot of difficulties in the introduction of the internet language classes (Dinev Mullen, 2008). Recent studies have indicated that there is inadequate CALL presence in the programs dealing with teacher preparation in Middle East. In addition, teachers get to know about CALL from sources that are informal. As a matter of fact, most graduates are never satisfied with limited preparations that they re ceive during their studies.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The perception of teachers is that CALL education has been neglected in Middle East to make them equipped with CALL knowledge and necessary experience when using the advanced technology in language classrooms. In general, very little has been done to prepare teachers with formal teaching programs, though most of them are ready to adopt the technology. This inadequate preparation is due to out dated nature of the technology they usually use in their classes (Kessler, 2007). However, more recent research show that adoption of CALL and other technology enhance learning is on the rise (Chapelle, 2001). The perception of teachers regarding CALL use has been investigated on a very limited scale, but there has been â€Å"no evidence of research showing overall attitude towards technology among educators†. According to Vodanovich Piotrowski (2004: 45), those ready to adopt the technology effectively are in most cases deterred from doing so by institutional barriers. Teachers have wel comed cyberspace technology and most of them have faith that the tool will assist learners achieve foreign language competence. On the other hand, some teachers view CALL as a very significant part of their course, and on top of that, they have a very high motivation to use CALL. It is true that students having knowledge on CALL do appreciate the use of, and value the kind of, learning that they engage by the using computers; this has given rise to high face validity for CALL. In general, studies dealing with the perception of along with the perception of learners towards use of CALL in language classes in Middle East , have concentrated on short-term usage of synchronous and asynchronous instruments that have been developed just for certain studies (Kessler, 2007). According to Al-Hajri, 2008 governments in Middle East have been deemed to be ‘enemies’ of technology use. Most of their legislatures, laws, guidelines and regulations do not favor free use of technology and media. Most of the institutions have placed laws and policies that do not encourage CALL applications in Middle East governments. Most legislation provides close control on internet usage and its applications in schools, especially CALL application. As a result, most legislation discourages CALL application in classrooms (Dinev, Mullen, 2008). How it works (methods and resources) Computer Assisted Language Learning usually entails using technology to impart knowledge; traditional forms of training are not used but when used in combination which has been shown by other researcher to be one of the best ways to go in terms of imparting skills and knowledge especially in languages, it is then termed as blended learning (Crook, 1994). E-learning typically employs internet and computers. Generally, it refers to the use of computers as well as net-work assisted transfers of knowledge and skills. The contents are shared by use of internet, audio or video tapes, satellite television, intra net, CD-ROM. Mechanisms used in CALL may entail computer-based learning (CBL) which personal computers aid in knowledge and skills transfer. In this context, it not only refers to use of computers in classrooms but also to their use in a structured setting to enhance teaching. Due to advanced technological innovations, computers have also changed from heavy and cumbersome ones to light, portable handheld ones. This can be used in the classroom or at home with or without internet connection Computer based training (CBT) refers to self paced forms of learning, usually accessible through computers or other handheld devices. Basically, this approach can be thought from the context of reading literature material online. Web Based Training (WBT) is different from CBT on the basis of how information is delivered, with WBT; internet is exclusively used in conveying the information while in CBT CD-ROM is what is employed to deliver information (Chapelle, 2001). The concepts employed in CBT i nclude use of multiple choices, drag and drop, simulation, radial button. It provides a user friendly environment that brings satisfaction as it supplements traditional training forms. Instructors can use this kind of approach to teach learners English. Computer supported collaborative learning is an innovation thought to better how instructors teach and students learn through using the latest communication technology-e-learning 2.0. Lastly, another approach termed Technology Enhanced Learning (Ellis, 1999) has the potential of helping impart knowledge through CALL. It focuses on technological support. Additionally, it is characterized with learning resources that are created, distributed, accessible, compiled and consumed in a digital manner, full of action through communication, interaction and collaboration, it is contextual in terms of time, duration, surrounding, location and people. There is active participation and goals as well as objective clearly set (Allen Morton, 1994). It is worth noting that CALL works if one or more of these approaches are used in combination. For instance, through careful evaluation, the program, can be designed in such a way that the time spends in classroom and at home behind a computer reading English for those individuals that it is not their native language yield maximum satisfaction while meeting the learning goals and objectives (Felix, 2004). Advantages of CALL According to Poole Bates, 2003 there are various advantages of adopting CALL. One notable advantage is that it will enhance just like in other subjects and curriculum increased learning. Learners will be provided with a mixed approach in acquiring knowledge and skills that will help them counter-balance the weaknesses of traditional form and pure e-learning and offer opportunity to learners to grasp more and do more assignments with frequent assessment. Convenience also comes with this kind of learning approach. Those student who do not have English as their na tive language will access the instructions and teaching in a more flexible manner. Additionally teachers need not to travel to distance geographic location to teach as they can do it from any place provided the equipment is in place. In addition, the method has also been hailed to reduce congestion in parking lots as well as reducing traffic in institutions of higher learning. This makes it easy for people to move with ease translating to saving time (Felix, 2004). On the same note, CALL has been seen to ease the pressure on limited equipments as well as the limited space in various learning institution. Unlike traditional form of teaching, and or e-learning, CALL brings the synergy of these two and ensures that there is very high level of interaction between student, students and contents, students and instructors. This usually yield positive result manifested through improved performance. The approach makes it possible for learners to post information that will fuel general educat ional rendezvous (Allen, 2003). Methodology The research employs a mixed research design method. It is important to note that theoretical study calls for deeper digging of various literatures ranging from journals, publications, books, other forms of literature and from the internet (Beiske, 2002). What this implies is that some of the data required will be collected by perusing through secondary sources of data. Qualitative research is also employed in the study; the approach seeks to contextualize the research by immersing the researcher into the study scenario as well as with the study subjects. The research question addressed during the study will be; ‘is it useful for elementary-prep school EFL teachers to incorporate CALL in their day to day classroom activities in Saudi Arabia; Middle Eastern settings? The main focus would be on learners and teachers attitudes towards CALL in the Middle East (elementary-prep students aged 11-13). Sampling strategies that will be used du ring research process when coming up with population will include careful biased sampling. This is because it will purely target materials from the library, internet and related research reports. These will be read and analyzed to provide the required data and information on the subject. It is worth noting that data to be used will come from personal reflection as a teacher. This will be done by closely tracking back of my personal teaching experiences. Personal diaries as well as journals will help in providing required data. Additionally, some data will collect from national curriculum archive which is available in Arabic. Similarly, additional data will be collected from kindergarten daily activity schedule and children language progress reports. It is evident that the reports are indeed unique to various institutions. As previously stated other data will be derived from existing literatures that can be found in the library as well as internet. Data Analysis After collecting the required data, filtering and data coding will be done; proper statistical analysis (non parametric data analysis) will be carried out to help bring out coherent meaning of the study. The analytical methods that will be used to achieve this will include correlation, regression and cross tabulation analysis. In addition chi-square analysis will be carried out to test for significance differences. While carrying out research and reducing data, I will look for links, associations as well as patterns in the topic being studied. This can be attained through various mechanisms such as analytic induction. Ideally it entails scanning or given patterns and relationships so that the researcher comes up with a general picture to fully describe what is happening. Using constant comparison is also applicable especially when dealing with grounded-theory approach. Analysis of data collected from diaries and personal experience as EFL teacher will be analyzed as raw data (Creswell, 2003). Data codin g is where researcher manages the collected data. This is done by labeling, storing as well as retrieving. Data management includes organizing data by using computers and displaying data. It is worth mentioning that appropriate statistical analysis such as hermeneutics, discourse analysis, ground theory, content analysis as well as ethnographic decision model (Bogdan Biklen, 1982). Presentation after the analysis will be done by use of tables, graphs as well as charts. Limitation and scope of the study Most, if not all research studies have limitations and in this case, the following are the limitations; Method used to collect data is purely from secondary source. There are higher chances that the gathered information might be biased and outdated. Some vital information to help answer the research questions might not be made available due to limited research on the topic. Due to financial constraint, coupled with limited time, all aspects that constitute blend learning might not b e adequately brought to light. Considering the fact that technology changes each and every day, this poses a threat because what might be brought out by the study might not adequately reflect what will happen in the near future. The complexity of the whole process of theoretical study brings with it many processes that can lead to some aspects of the topics being forgotten. This I will address by being very careful to ensure that each and every aspect in the research questions and aims are adequately addressed. Ethical Issues The project will be approved by the school Independent Review Board before data collection. Additionally, to use the data from academic progress reports, consent from the parents or guardians will be sought after. The identity of the student from the progress reports will be confidential. Similalrly the data collected will be used for the intended purpose and only shared with the research team. In addition, respondents’ views will be handled with lots o f privacy and confidentiality, and will only be used for the intended purpose alone. Timing Mileposts Stage/Event Start and end dates Drafting the project plan 6 Mar – 15 Mar 2011 Refining the project plan 20Mar – 30 Mar 2011 Searching reading the literature (Reflective teaching, DAP, methodology-analyzing data, etc) 1 Apr – 20 Apr 2011 Collect data 22 Apr – 2 May 2011 Analyzing data 4 May – 13 May 2011 Writing up professional project 14 May – 21 May 2011 Writing up Reflection on personal learning 22 May – 25 May 2011 Proofreading 27 May – 29 May 2011 Hand in the assignments 30 May 2011 References Al-Hajri, S. (2008). The Adoption of e-Banking: The Case of Omani Banks. International Review of Business Research Papers. 4(5): 120-128. Allen, T., Morton, M. (1994). Information Technology and the Corporation of the 1990s. New York: Oxford University Press. Beiske, B. (2002). Research Methods: Uses and Limi tations of Questionnaires, Interviews, and Case Studies. Manchester: University of Manchester. Bogdan, R. Biklen, S. (1982). Qualitative research for education: An introduction to theory and methods. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, Inc. Chapelle, C. (2001). Computer applications in second language acquisition. Foundations for teaching, testing and research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Creswell, J. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Crook, C. (1994). Computers and the Collaborative Experience of Learning. London: Routledge. Dinev, T. Mullen, M. (2008). Internet Users’ Privacy Concerns and Attitude towards Government Surveillance –An Empirical Investigation. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems. 17(3): 214-233. Ellis, R. (1999). Learning a Second Language through Interaction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Company, Felix, U. (2004). Teaching Languages Online: Deconstructing the m yths. Australian Journal of Educational Technology, 19 (1): 118-138. Fukutake, T. Matsubara, H. (1992). Methodologies of Social Survey (in Japan). Tokyo: Yuhikaku Publishing Co. Kessler, G. (2007). Formal and Informal CALL Preparation and Teacher Attitude towards Technology. Computer Assisted Language Learning. 20(2), 173-188 Poole, G. Bates, A. (2003). Effective Teaching with Technology in Higher Education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Teh, G. Fraser, B. (1995). Development and Validation of an Instrument for Assessing the Psychological Environment of Computer-Assisted Learning Classrooms. Journal of Educational Computing Research. 12(1): 177-193. Vodanovich, S. Piotrowski, C. (2004). Faculty Attitudes towards Web-Based Instructions May Not BE enough: limited use and obstacles to implementation. Journal of Educational Technology Systems. 33(1): 309-318 This essay on Professional Project Plan was written and submitted by user Sons of the Tiger to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

presidential campaigns essays

presidential campaigns essays Then presidential elections of the years past have had a major impact on the world existing today. In my report I researched the election of 1860. Abraham Lincoln's victory in this election enabled Black People to be free in our society today. There were four major candidates in this election. The choice for the Republican Party was Abraham Lincoln. He was an excellent speaker who gained recognition during the Lincoln- Douglas debates. In his first major political appearance he won the support of many Americans through his powerful and famous speech at "Cooper Union" in New York City. In his speech, Lincoln deplored slavery and condemned violence. Lincoln won the nomination for his party because he was the only one acceptable to all of the different factions that existed in the Republican Party. There also was a division within the Democratic Party. The popular choice for the Northern Democrats was Stephen Douglas. He was a spokesman for policy of National Expansion. His views supported family farming and free labor, which was a very significant issue at the time. The Southern Delegates nominated John Breckinridge of Kentucky who was also the Vice President of the United States. He advocated plantation economy and also supported slavery. Breckinridge caused the Southern Democratic delegates to form a Constitutional Union party because they did not agree with his politics. Therefore, they nominated a fourth candidate whose only cause was to preserve the union and attempted to rally the former Whigs. His name was John Bell of Tennessee. Bell wished to preserve the constitution (thus the constitutional union party). Many different tactics were used by the candidates to gain votes. From time to time in United States history, presidential nominees of the major parties engage in debates. Some of the most famous debates in American political history, were those between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas in 1858. At times, specif...

How to Say Hello in Mandarin Chinese

How to Say Hello in Mandarin Chinese The first step to starting a conversation in Mandarin Chinese is to say hello! Learn how to greet people in Mandarin Chinese with the help of audio files to ensure your pronunciation is correct. Audio links are marked with ââ€" º. Characters The Chinese phrase for hello is made of two characters: ä ½  Ã¥ ¥ ½ ââ€" ºnÇ Ã‚  hÇŽo. The first character ä ½   (nÇ ) means you. The second character Ã¥ ¥ ½ (hÇŽo) means good. Thus, the literal translation of ä ½  Ã¥ ¥ ½ (nÇ  hÇŽo) is you good.   Pronunciation Note that Mandarin Chinese uses four tones. The tones used in ä ½  Ã¥ ¥ ½ are two third tones. When 2 first tone characters are placed next to each other, the tones slightly change. The first character is pronounced as a rising tone second tone, while the second character shifts into a low, dipping tone. Informal vs Formal Use ä ½   (Ç ) is the informal form of you and is used for greeting friends and associates. The formal you is æ‚ ¨ (nà ­n). Thus, the formal form of hello is ââ€" ºnà ­n hÇŽo - æ‚ ¨Ã¥ ¥ ½.   æ‚ ¨Ã¥ ¥ ½(nà ­n hÇŽo) is used when speaking to superiors, people in authority, and elders. The more casual ä ½  Ã¥ ¥ ½ (nÇ  hÇŽo) should be used when speaking to friends, colleagues, and children.   China Taiwan The use of æ‚ ¨Ã¥ ¥ ½ (nà ­n hÇŽo) is more common in Mainland China than in Taiwan. The informal ä ½  Ã¥ ¥ ½ (nÇ  hÇŽo) is the most common greeting in Taiwan, no matter what the rank of the person you are addressing. You may also be wondering why there are two Chinese written versions of this phrase: ä ½  Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¥â€"Ž and ä ½  Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¥ â€". The first version is in traditional characters which are used in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, and many overseas Chinese communities. The second version is simplified characters, the official writing system in Mainland China, Singapore, and Malaysia. How Are You? You can extend ä ½  Ã¥ ¥ ½ (nÇ  hÇŽo) by adding the question particle Ã¥â€"Ž / Ã¥ â€" ââ€" ºma. The question particle Ã¥â€"Ž (traditional form) / Ã¥ â€" (simplified form) can be added to the end of sentences and phrases to change them from statements into questions. The literal translation of ä ½  Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¥â€"Ž? / ä ½  Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¥ â€" (nÇ  hÇŽo ma)? is you good?, which means how are you? This greeting should only be said to close friends or family members. It is not a common greeting for associates or strangers. The answer to ä ½  Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¥â€"Ž / ä ½  Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¥ â€" (nÇ  hÇŽo ma)? can be: hÄ›n hÇŽo - Ã¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¥ ½ - very goodbà ¹ hÇŽo - ä ¸ Ã¥ ¥ ½ - not goodhi hÇŽo - é‚„å ¥ ½ / è ¿ËœÃ¥ ¥ ½ - so so

The Learning Curve Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Learning Curve - Essay Example As the essay starts, David Sedaris is found saying â€Å"The teaching job was offered at the last minute, when the scheduled teacher found a better paying job of delivering pizza† (Sedaris, 2009, p.83). This sentence is very funny as it creates a situation in the mind of readers that the scheduled teacher was just about to make his way to school but then he changed his path and opted to deliver pizza for more money. Thinking about a teacher (or about to be teacher) delivering pizza on a bike itself seems very funny. In the very next sentence David Sedaris is found saying that he was given two weeks to prepare and in those two weeks he did prepare by standing in front of the mirror and practicing â€Å"Hello , class, my name is Mr. Sedaris† (Sedaris, 2009, p.83). The author has used irony in this particular sentence to elucidate his situation. He was given a couple of weeks to prepare notes and practise the way he would teach instead he spent those weeks in practising ho w he would introduce himself to the class. In one part of the essay, David Sedaris writes â€Å"childbirth is one of those details that looks to slip the mind of most opera characters† (Sedaris, 2009, p.85). It was funny to read this because of the situation that was created before this sentence actually emerged in the essay. David Sedaris was describing Victoria Buchanan high-school reunion and how she passed out and ended up with a hippie. It was then the writer said the following words. This type of humour is called ‘cheesy comedy.’ Under such type of comedy a writer looks to humorously degrade someone or a group of people by making through jokes. In reality people forget that someone is being degraded because the joy of laughter is greater than the insult being made (Young, 2002, p.95). At one other portion of the essay the writer writes â€Å"Nobody dies on Wednesday – hadn’t these people learned anything?† (Sedaris, 2009, p.86). The fun ny thing about the sentence is that David Sedaris is the teacher and he is asking whether the students had or had not learned anything. His clueless state of mind together with the absurd reasoning that nobody dies on Wednesday makes him sound like a ‘slapstick’ comedian. According to Judy Carter, slapstick comedy is something that makes an actor look foolish and funny at a very serious entourage. Thus when David Sedaris says that nobody dies on Wednesday on a serious situation it makes him sound goofy and slapstick (Carter, 2001, p.60). Although it might be used as light humour, some of the text might be offending to some of the readers and could be regarded as a little controversial. When David Sedaris says that he managed to get the teaching job as the scheduled teacher failed to show up because he got a better paid pizza delivery job, he seems to degrade the teaching occupation. Teaching is regarded as a very respectable job as it is expected from the teachers to im part knowledge and groom the youth of a nation. But it does not look like David Sedaris places the same importance to it. Also he is shown as an irresponsible teacher setting the wrong kind of example to the other teachers to follow. There comes huge responsibility with this occupation and the writer clearly laid more emphasis on his semblance when he talked about rehearsing in front of the mirror. Though funny it sets the wrong message to the larger audience. The

Job Satisfaction and Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Job Satisfaction and Motivation - Essay Example ion of those models to real-life situations, the issue still has the potential to slip and fall into an unknown zone which requires further resolution at that point of time . This uncertainty precisely explains our time being` interesting ‘ above. We can safely deduce that every economic system in the world is in a state of transition and discovery but at the same time, there appears to be an utmost urgency to adjust and move forward. Deadlines have to be completed with creation of scope for future targets and growth not in the brutish might but in a benignly creative environment and that is where a plethora of motivational ideas regarding the employees’ job satisfaction as well as the supervisors and the very important issues of conflict resolution have to be explored to be applied to micro and macro models of management. The skill lies in getting the idea communicated throughout top and bottom and capitalizing on the same with a willingness on the part of the employees to understand , adhere and apply the idea whose time has come and is instrumental in enhancing the fortunes of all and sundry. The talk of job satisfaction and the motivation that produces it are the buzzwords nowadays and reasonably so. However, it includes a combination of ideas of diverse nature relating to environment, political and economic systems and a major part of the same is determined by the socio-cultural and religious orientations. While we talk of motivation and job satisfaction, the employees and the employers must know and have a clear idea what they mean by the same . It is thus profoundly important that communication flows across the organizational pyramid While there are different theories and management models to define Motivation and Job Satisfaction and also in certain ways it is imperative for the human resource to be well oiled to enhance the productivity and output, it is however, broadly stated that

Pride Before the Fall Essay Example for Free

Pride Before the Fall Essay It was once said by Abraham Lincoln, â€Å"Nearly all men can stand, but if you want to test a man’s character give him power. This quote helped me agree with John Acton Quote, â€Å"Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely†. Based on the fact that there is countless amounts of stories of people corrupting, from school principals to political leaders, power will corrupt. For my first example of corruption from power, is the story of a Middle School Principal. This Middle School principal was accused and found guilty to embezzling from her very own school. She was found embezzling over ten thousand dollars in things from dinner bills to electronics. This principal is for me a prime example of power corrupting because just cause she was in power she decided to take from what she was in charge of whether it was moral or not because she was in charge of the school and was only sentenced to four years in prison plus four years parole. Following was the example, which I thought was the most hypercritical, of ten Atlanta police officers. These ten police officers were being accused of corruption based on the fact that they were soliciting drugs. I thought thus to be major corruption because they only took the drugs because they were in uniforms and had supposed authority which they used for their own pleasure and benefits instead of what they were originally hired for which is the serve and protect. Finally was the example which came to me the quickest of a French man. This Frenchmans name was Maximillen de Robespierre most commonly known for being a major leader in the French revolution. Maximillen Robespierre was followed for his leadership skills but was once almost instantly corrupt when in power. What many people don’t know is that Robespierre was a reigning terrorist he used his power and his guillotine which he used in a combination to behead anyone who opposed him or his thoughts publically just to remain in power as long as he was able to.

The Forbidden Love of Romeo and Juliet :: Free Essay Writer

As the feud between two families, Capulet and Montague, continue, their children, Juliet Capulet and Romeo Montague, face a bigger problem; forbidden love. Taking place in Verona, an ignorant Romeo first meets a childish Juliet at the Capulet’s party. Romeo and his kinsman, Benvolio, attend the party masked, searching for his first love, Rosaline. Coincidentally, Romeo meets Juliet, a new beauty, and falls in love with her not knowing the fact that she is a Capulet. The feud continues, leading one mistake after another, until both families realize their selfishness at the last minute. The unfortunate tragedy of two â€Å"star-crossed lovers† is ironically caused by the impetuosity of Romeo and Juliet themselves (Shakespeare 7). Impetuosity is the main flaw that leads to the early death of Romeo and Juliet. Impetuosity in their sense of honor, love, and their sense of idealism contributed to Romeo and Juliet to an early death. They both had a sense of honor and were full of love and idealism. These virtues, honor, love and idealism, that seek to sustain life, end up destroying them. Romeo and Juliet become victims of their own fate because they carry everything to the highest standards and are too inexperienced to decide the fate of the love between them. Romeo had honor as his virtue, which caused him to fight Tybalt for killing Mercutio: Romeo. †¦My very friend, hath got this mortal hurt / In my behalf – my reputation stained / With Tybalt’s slander – Tybalt, that an hour†¦ / And in my temper softened valor steel! (3.1.116-122) Romeo denies the fate of Mercutio who fought against Tybalt and lost, so he challenges Tybalt to fight in defense of his honor. His sense of honor would not allow himself to ignore the death of Mercutio. It mandated his absurd behavior to take Tybalt’s life which even further separated the Montague and Capulet family. Moreover, Romeo still decides to marry Juliet after he takes Tybalt’s life. His sense of honor leads him to find Father Lawrence who will marry both Juliet

Health History Essay

Health assessment thus plays an important role to provide information about one’s health. Assessment is the first step in the nursing process and includes collection, verification, organization, interpretation and documentation of data. (Sue C. DeLaune and Patriciak . Ladner,2011) Almost every admitted patient the first time required the implementation of the health assessment to determine their health condition to enable healthcare plans and implementation what they need to do. On way of organizing the information that nurse need to collect is by using a nursing framework . A framework for assessment , the nurse systematically collecting the physical, psychological, socio cultural and different aspects of the activities of living. There are a number of organizing frameworks for collection of data. For example, the Gordon’s functional health patterns. Many health care agencies use an admission assessment format which assists the nurse in collecting data in specific categories of functioning. Richard Hogston and Penelope M. Simpson,2002) Most of the hospital and health care agencies have developed their own structured assessment tools. The following will be relatively compare by using Gordon’s Functional Health Patterns as framework between the assessment from health care setting is currently using about interview on an adult. Compare these two interviews in term of structure, comprehensiveness, and applicability. Structure  Gordon’s functional health patterns, which are consistent with the human need philosophy, can provide a framework for nursing education. The eleven functional health patterns identified by Gordon’s are as follow: Health Perception and Management, Activity and Exercise, Nutrition and Metabolism, Elimination, Sleep and Rest, Congnition and Perception, Self-Perception and Self-Concept, Roles and Relationships, Coping and stress Management, Sexuality and Reproduction, Values and Beliefs. Carol R. Taylor, Priscilla Lemone, Carol Lillis, Pamcla Lynn, 2008) These functional health patterns areas allow gathering and clustering of information about a patient’s usual patterns and any recent changes in order to decide if the patient’s response is functional or dysfunctional. If the assessment is effective or positive that will not have to deal. If the results of the assessment is invalid or negative that will have to deal with through nursing care plan. The assessment from health care setting which are consistent with Profile such as name, age, sex, religion, reason for seeking healthcare, family history, allergy history, health history, current health status, self-care ability, general condition, consciousness, communicative ability, language, nutritional state, skin state, limbs, special senses, emotional state, daily habits ,leisure, introduction of environment, use of facilities, religion and risk assessment . The assessment from health care setting as the same as Gordon’s functional assessment are including Health-Perception Health-Management, Elimination, Nutritional-Metabolic, Activity- exercise, Value-belief patterns and Sleep-rest. Not the same as Gordon’s functional assessment form, the assessment from health care did not mention of Congnitive- Perception, Self-Perception-Self Concept, Role-Relationship, Sexuality-Reproductive and Coping-Stress-Tolerance. The assessment form health care setting can be divided into seven section including Biographical data, Reason for seeking health care provider, History of present health concern, Rest health history, Family health history, review of body systems for current health problem, life-style and health practices profile. The Gordon’s functional pattern mainly is open-ended questions such as have you religions beliefs helped you to deal with problems in the past? How? Contrary, the assessment from health care setting mainly is closed-ended question such as what is your religion. The Gordon’s functional health patterns is more concentrated. Each type of health patterns divided into objective and subjective information. The assessment from health care setting structure is more untrammeled. The same types of problems can be classified into different types of items such as nutritional state it can be combine with diet of daily habits. Comprehensiveness Gordon’s functional health patterns is a method devised by Marjory Gordon to be used by the nurse in the nursing process to provide more comprehensive assessment of the patient. Gordon emphasizes that the eleven functional patterns artificially divided integrated human functioning. Eleven functional health patterns described as follows. Health Perception and Health Management. It’s focused on the person’s perceived level of health and well-being, and on practices for maintaining health. Nutritional Metabolic Pattern it’s focused on the pattern of food and fluid consumption relative to metabolic need. Elimination Pattern. It’s focused on excretory patterns (bowel, bladder, skin). Activity and Exercise Pattern. It’s focused on the activities of daily living requiring energy expenditure, including self-care activities, exercise, and leisure activities. Cognitive-Perceptual Pattern. It’s focused on the ability to comprehend and use information and on the sensory functions. Neurologic functions, Sensory experiences such as pain and altered sensory input. Sleep Rest Pattern. It’s focused on the person’s sleep, rest, and relaxation practices. Self-Perception-Self-Concept Pattern its focused on the person’s attitudes toward self, including identity, body image, and sense of self-worth. Role-Relationship Pattern. It’s focused on the person’s roles in the world and relationships with others. Sexuality and Reproduction. It’s focused on the person’s satisfaction or dissatisfaction with sexuality patterns and reproductive functions. Coping-Stress Tolerance Pattern. its focused on the person’s perception of stress and coping strategies Support systems, evaluated symptoms of stress, effectiveness of a person’s coping strategies. Value-Belief Pattern it’s focused on the person’s values and beliefs. (Janet Weber, Jane Kelly ,1998) Indeed, Gordon’s functional health pattern can reflect the potential of the patient health problem. The assessment from health care setting is less comprehensive than Gordon’s patterns. The assessment from health institution reflect the patient’s admission status, previous health status, daily habits and risk assessment. The form are lack of assess such as congnitive and percepyual, sexuality and reproductive, role and relationship, self-perception and self concept, coping and stress. It is not difficult to find Gordon functional assessment are more detailed than assessment form health care setting. For example, Gordon functional assessment including nutritional metabolic that it contain skin examination. Mucous membranes, edema status, thyroid status, gag reflex and assess jugular vein distention etc. On the contrary, the assessment from health institution about nutritional status can only choose normal or abnormal. It is lack of sufficient information than Gordon’s patterns. In addition, the case of infertility patient often leads to significant pressure for fear of failed surgery. After the embryo transfer, she have to face with the failure of implantation. Both physically and mentally cause to great pressure. According Gordon’s assessment, form coping –stress tolerance pattern, it is able to know patient was very unhappy because of infertility. Patient thought it is too much pressure if the embryo cannot implantation. Nurse can give psychological counseling to the patient that allows patient to reduce stress through assessment. In comparison of assessment from health institution, it is not mention about coping-stress tolerance patterns. So there is no assess of the infertility patient that need to take care of their psychologic problem. Compare with two different assessment form, Gordon’s patterns was more comprehensive than assessment from health institution, but it is not the most comprehensive assessment. If two new domains add to the assessment tool safety/protection and growth/development that the assessment will become more complete. Safety/Protection for a risk of injury as a result of the interaction of environmental conditions interacting with the individual’s adaptive and defensive resources. (Wilson Giddens,2001) Growth and Development for altered physical growth, typical of age group, inability to perform self –care or self control activities appropriate for age etc. (Wilson Giddens,2001) Through these two items that nurse can prevent some of risk environment and assess patient growth/development to let nurse understanding what problem patient have be exist. Applicability Gordon’s patterns can provide extensive and detailed information that can reflect patient’s health status but it is very time-consuming and may have to one hour or more. It is not difficult to imagine that nurse have to deal with numerous new patients in each day. The situation is difficult to use Gordon’s patterns to assess patient’s condition in the limited manpower especially at the night duty. Second, patient discharged from hospital earlier than before because based on cost-effectiveness and patient well-being. For example in-vitro fertilization(IVF), colonoscopy, inguinal hernia such as this operation usually encourage patients rest in the day care center replace of stay in the hospital for a few day. This situation need nurse faster and more efficient assess of the patient condition. Third, patient admitted to hospital in a critical situation simply can not conduct a detailed physical assessment. In this situation like cardiac arrest, choking, an immediate diagnosis is needed to provide prompt treatment. That why initial comprehensive assessment like Gordon’s assessment is not suitable for this condition. Fourth, the patient’s disease information may have already obtained by the attending doctor before patient admission. Therefore it is not meaningful for the nurse to collect the same health’s information. The nurse can more in-depth to assess patient base on the information obtained by doctors. For this IVF case, it suggest using a assessment from institution. Compare with Gordon’s assessment, it easy showed cause of admission and patient;s general condition. The Gordon’s assessment of many question is irrelevant. For example, general appearance is no need to assess for the IVF case. On the other hand ,embryo transfer just a minor surgery that patient are not request stay in hospital . Using simple assessment like assessment from institution for the sake of save more time and work more effectively. Gordon’s assessment is more complex than assessment from institution so assessment from institution it is more applicable than Gordon’s assessment form. Conclusion There are many nursing assessment frameworks have been developed. The most widely used organize frameworks for nursing diagnoses it based on functional health patterns described by Gordon. Using systematic guidelines specifically developed for a nursing assessment ensures that comprehensive, holistic data are collected for each patient. Health care institutions establish a minimum data set that specifies the information that must be collective from every patient and use a structured assessment form to organize or cluster this data. A nurse chooses a particular framework for a variety of reason. Choice may be based on what is used in the particular health care institution or nursing needs of a particular patient population.

Causes of Environment

cause of environmental degradation The primary cause of environmental degradation is  human disturbance. The degree of the environmental impact varies with the cause, the habitat, and the plants and animals that inhabit it. ————————————————- Habitat Fragmentation Habitat fragmentation carries long term environmental impacts, some of which can destroy entire ecosystems. An ecosystem is a distinct unit and includes all the living and non-living elements that reside within it. Plants and animals are obvious members, but it will also include other components on which they rely on such as streams, lakes, and soils.Habitats become fragmented when development breaks up solid stretches of land. Examples include roads which may cut through forests or even trails which wind through prairies. While it may not sound all bad on the surface, there are serious consequences. The largest of these consequences are initially felt by specific plant and animal communities, most of which are specialized for their bioregion or require large areas of land to retain a healthy genetic heritage. Area Sensitive Animals Some wildlife species require large stretches of land in order to meet all of their needs for food, habitat, and other resources.These animals are called  area sensitive. When the environment is fragmented, the large patches of habitat no longer exist. It becomes more difficult for the wildlife to get the resources they to survive, possibly becoming threatened or endangered. The environment suffers without the animals that play their role in the food web. Aggressive Plant Life A more critical result of habitat fragmentation is land disturbance. Many weedy plant species, such as garlic mustard and purple loosestrife, are both opportunistic and invasive. A breach in the habitat gives them an opportunity to take hold.These aggressive plants can take over an envir onment, displacing the native flora. The result is habitat with a single dominant plant which doesn't provide adequate food resources for all the wildlife. Entire ecosystems are threatened with extinction, according to the National Resources Defense Council. Effects of Environmental  Degradation One of the greatest challenges facing humanity is environmental degradation, including deforestation, desertification, pollution, and climate change – an issue of increasing concern for the international community.Environmental degradation increases the vulnerability of the societies it affects and contributes to the scarcity of resources. Climate change will lead to an increase in the intensity and frequency of weather extremes, such as heat waves, floods, droughts and tropical cyclones. The people hardest hit by climate change and environmental degradation are those living in the most vulnerable areas, including coastal communities, small island nations, Sub-Saharan Africa and Asi an delta regions. It is the poorest of the poor, who lack the resources to prepare, adapt and rebuild, that are most affected.Environmental degradation can lead to a scarcity of resources, such as water and farmable. Extreme weather events, such as severe flooding, increase the spread of waterborne diseases, such as malaria and diarrhoea. The effects of the major environmental problems on both health and productivity are: a. Water pollution and water scarcity: As per the estimation of UN, more than two million deaths and billions of illnesses a year are attributable to water pollution. Water scarcity compounds these health problems.Productivity is affected by the costs of providing safe water, by constraints on economic activity caused by water shortages, and by the adverse effects of water pollution and shortages on other environmental resources such as, declining fisheries and acquifer depletion leading to irreversible compaction. b. Air pollution: As per the estimation of UN, urb an air pollution is responsible for 300,000—700,000 deaths annually and creates chronic health problems for many more people. Restrictions on vehicles and industrial activity during critical periods affect productivity, as does the effect of acid rain on forests and water bodies. . Solid and hazardous wastes: Diseases are spread by uncollected garbage and blocked drains; the health risks from hazardous wastes are typically more localized, but often acute. Wastes affect productivity through the pollution of groundwater resources. d. Soil degradation: Depleted soils increase the risks of malnutrition for farmers. Productivity losses on tropical soils are estimated to be in the range of 0. 5-1. 5 per cent of GNP, while secondary productivity losses are due to siltation of reservoirs, transportation channels and other hydrologic investments. e.Deforestation: Death and disease can result from the localized flooding caused by deforestation. Loss of sustainable logging potential and of erosion prevention, watershed stability and carbon sequestration provided by forests are among the productivity impacts of deforestation. f. Loss of biodiversity: The extinction of plant and animal species will potentially affect the development of new drugs; it will reduce ecosystem adaptability and lead to the loss of genetic resources. g. Atmospheric changes: Ozone depletion is responsible for perhaps 300,000 additional cases of skin cancer a year and 1. million cases of cataracts. Global warming may lead to increase in the risk of climatic natural disasters. Productivity impacts may include sea-rise damage to coastal investments, regional changes in agricultural productivity and disruption of the marine food chain. Conclusion:  The impact of environmental disasters can be devastating on the social, economic, and environmental systems of a country or region as well as the global ecosystem. Environmental disasters do not recognise man-made borders, and threaten the legacy le ft to future generations of a clean and supportive environment.Because of the interdependency of earth ecosystems international co-operation is paramount to prevent, and when disaster strikes, respond to relieve quickly and effectively the effects of environmental disasters. Thus, Governments, International organizations and communities must work together – at all levels – to lessen the risks associated with environmental degradation and its contributing factors, such as climate change, and ensure that vulnerable people are prepared to survive and adapt. At the same time, companies, organizations and individuals must also ensure that their work is environmentally friendly and sustainable. Similar essay: Disadvantages of Plants Living on Land

Cloud Computing essayEssay Writing Service

Cloud Computing essayEssay Writing Service Cloud Computing essay Cloud Computing essayThe growth of network bandwidth and intensive use of the web made cloud computing a highly popular trend. Cloud computing denotes the form of computing performed online by remote servers that allow data sharing, online access and data processing tasks (Miller, 2008). There are several wide-known providers of cloud computing services; two notable players on the market of cloud computing are Amazon with AWS (Amazon Web Services) and Google with Google Apps.Amazon is a primary provider of cloud computing services; this company offers a variety of virtual servers of different size and capacity. The customers can place their own content, apps and services on the platform, and Amazon is responsible for maintaining the servers and providing access to many users. Amazon is a convenient platform for web developers since it provides a lot of tools and features for deploying web applications.Google is a leader in many IT spheres one of which is web applications segment of I T industry. Google adopts a different approach to cloud computing and offers a variety of ready applications accessible online. Along with native applications, Google offers a convenient environment for creating and deploying own web applications. Furthermore, Google allows to integrate new applications with the existing application suite and user accounts, therefore creating a rich virtual working environment.Both companies offer similar cloud computing features such as virtual servers with typical or custom parameters (CPU, CPU cores, RAM, storage, load, etc.). Amazon has convenient support of various content and has a lot of options regulating the customers use of capacity (Hosseini, 2014). AWS offers a wider variety of instances compared to Google Cloud Engine. However, Google offers lots of ready-to-launch apps, has better input-output speed, more convenient mobile use options and impressive load balancing (Hosseini, 2014).It is possible to see that Amazons marketing strategy t argets large companies and enterprises, while Google focuses on targeting smaller companies and individual users. Indeed, according to Czinkota and Ronkainen (2012), AWS is the top used cloud service provider among both SMEs (up to 1,000 employees) and large companies (over 1,000 employees), while Google App Engine and Google Cloud Engine are rated #6 and #8 among cloud computing companies by large enterprises, and #3 and #6 by SMEs. The focus of Amazons marketing is on power, scalability and creating a secure platform for web deployment, while Google targets the needs of customers who prefer to use ready apps and benefit from integrating various applications into one network.

How to Use the IRS Taxpayer Advocate Service to Get Tax Help

How to Use the IRS Taxpayer Advocate Service to Get Tax Help You may be able to get tax help from the​ Taxpayer Advocate Service, an independent organization within the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). It is charged with assisting taxpayers who are experiencing economic difficulty and need help resolving tax problems that have not been resolved through normal channels, or who believe that an IRS system or procedure is not working as it should. You may be eligible for assistance if: You are experiencing economic harm, financial difficulty, or significant cost (including fees for professional representation) for yourself, your family, or your business.You or your business is facing the threat of an immediate adverse action.You have experienced a delay of more than 30 days to resolve a tax issue or havent been able to get a response from the IRS after repeated attempts at contacting them.You have not received a response or resolution to your problem by the date promised by the IRS. The service is free, confidential, tailored to meet taxpayers needs, and available for businesses as well as individuals. There is at least one local taxpayer advocate in each state, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. Taxpayers can contact the Taxpayer Advocate Service by calling its toll-free line at 1-877-777-4778 or TTY/TTD 1-800-829-4059 to determine whether they are eligible for assistance. Taxpayers can also call or write to their local taxpayer advocate, whose phone number and address are listed in the local telephone directory and in Publication 1546 (.pdf), The Taxpayer Advocate Service of the IRS - How to Get Help With Unresolved Tax Problems. What to Expect from a Taxpayer Advocate If you qualify for the help of a taxpayer advocate, you will be assigned to one person. Youll get your advocates contact information including name, phone number, and employee number. The service is confidential, required by law to provide secure and independent communications separate from other IRS offices. However, with your permission, they will disclose information to other IRS employees to help resolve your problems. Your advocate will do an impartial review of your problem, giving your updates on their progress and timeframes for action. You can also expect to get advice on how you can prevent problems with your federal tax returns in the future. Some taxpayer advocate offices provide video conferencing and virtual help, depending on the state. Information You Will Need to Provide to the Taxpayer Advocate Be ready to provide your full identification and contact information, including social security number or employee identification number, name, address, phone number. Organize your information on the problem you are having with your taxes, so your advocate will be able to understand it. This should include what steps you have taken to contact the IRS, which offices you contacted, and how you have already tried to resolve your problem. You can also fill out IRS Form 2848, Power of Attorney and Declaration of Representative, or Form 8821, Tax Information Authorization and send those to your advocate. These authorize another person to discuss your tax issue or to receive information about your tax issue.

Marketing Management in a Global Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing Management in a Global Economy - Essay Example When dealing with place, the company needs to ask where the buyer will search for the product, how the client will access the correct distribution channels, if they need to use a sales force, and what the competitors do that an individual can learn. For the pricing section of the marketing mix, the company requires to determine what the product’s value is to the client. Whether there is an established price point for services or products in the area, whether the client price is sensitive enough to give one an extra market share with a small price decrease, and how the company’s price compares with the competitors (Doole & Robin, 2008). When it comes to promotion, the company discerns when and where they can get their marketing measures across to their target market, how they can reach their audience via radio, press, or billboards, what time is best to carry their promotion, and whether any environmental issue dictates the marketing launch’s timing. The company a lso needs to determine how its competitors carry out its promotion. 2. Define Value Chain, and give an example of a company that utilizes a Value Chain Delivery Network, further cite the success rate of their value chain network. The concept of the â€Å"value chain†, owes its existence to Michael Porter, a management guru. Value chain refers to the sequential group of support and primary activities, which an enterprise carries out to turn various inputs into outputs that benefit its external customers (Doole & Robin, 2008). Various companies worldwide utilize value chain analysis, although the information shared about it is minimal because knowledge of one’s Value Chain Analysis means loss of competitive advantage. The profit wars have now moved to the supply chain arena with the VCA model now used for modeling across top clients like Target Stores, which utilize various kinds of services in the various quantities. Through the aid of some analytics, the companyâ€℠¢s logistics department can utilize the data for engagement with the customer and search for an optimal supply chain scenario. Toyota Motors is an example of a company that utilizes an integrated value-chain delivery network. Toyota manufactures its automotives via the TPS system, which puts emphasis on a lean system of manufacturing. This system was created to improve the cars’ quality, with the clients also being able to order the cars efficiently and quickly. Toyota Motors possesses an integrated system, known as TPS, in its production process. This system portends various advantages for the company’s production system. This ranges from Human Resource management to its products. This is further evidenced, in the fourteen principles, to which Toyota holds dear, including the quality of service, the efficiency of the production process, in addition with the quality of, the final product. This has allowed Toyota to become the biggest automotive company in the world bec ause of lean management that can be derived from a value chain delivery network. The system allows the company to deliver cars as fast and efficient as possible. 3. What is MIS (from a marketing point of view) and how does it affect the marketing research process? MIS is a system of communications, documents, procedures, and equipment that collects,

How Has Architecture Developed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

How Has Architecture Developed - Essay Example Studies have, however, revealed that the first structures that incorporated architectural designs with respect to beauty and outlook were the worshipping places (Watkin, 2005; 43). The prevailing cultures and religion greatly influenced the type of structures which were constructed in a particular region or place (Ching, 2006; 89). Geography also dictated the type of buildings designed and put up. Today, architecture is no less than science. It is due to the development skills of those in the field of architecture that some huge structures are seen today. The tall and strong buildings, huge bridges and complex structures are attributed to the creativity architectural experts (Hugh, 2000; 20). Architecture was an important discipline in the ancient times and its importance continues to be seen today. All the existing designs are a proof that the field has been developing. The growth and development is still ongoing albeit being influenced by some factors like geography, religion and societal

Company profit calculation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Company profit calculation - Assignment Example Q = (accepted), (rejected) At Q = , ATC’’ becomes 9.61 while at Q = , ATC’’ becomes 0.381. Since Q > 0 and since ATC’’ > 0 at Q = , so it can be surmised that Q = when ATC is minimised. Part (g) Firms will neither exit nor enter in the longer run in an industry because already operating firms are creating normal profit. Since there are no incentives to either leave or enter the market in the longer run, so there will be no entry or exit in the longer run. Part (h) Question Two As market demand levels vary, the firm’s profits in any industry will tend to vary. As long as some form of economic profit is available, new firms will enter the market. Similarly, any kinds of economic loss will force firms to leave the market. When economic profit is available, the supply curve tends to shift to the right in order to reduce price. As price falls, so does economic profit and thus the incentive to enter the market. Conversely, if economic loss o ccurs, the supply curve shifts to the left in order to increase price. Bigger price tags tend to reduce the economic loss being faced. Market adjustments continue to occur until firms come to a point where the marginal revenue equals the marginal cost which in turn equals the price. Also, the short run average cost and the long term average cost meet the equilibrium levels to produce total market equilibrium in the longer run. Question Three A shock in demand leads to a sudden rise in demand. This in turn disrupts the market equilibrium and the supply curve tends to shift to the right while the demand curve tends to shift to the right as well. In addition, it is typical to find that the price for any product experiencing demand shock tends to increase as well. Larger quantities required are dealt with by firms operating under perfect competition. For constant cost industries, when the industry expands in reaction to demand shocks, there are no changes in the production costs or in t he prices of resources. The basic contention of the constant cost industry is that as new firms enter the market, the long run average cost curve does not get affected. Hence, as the efficiency of production does not change due to demand shocks, the supply curve in the longer run becomes horizontal. Question Four Certain industries require long term economic profits in order to survive in the market. These industries may require continuous new inputs in the form of research and development (R&D). The pharmaceutical industry for example requires that research be carried out into new medicine. This may become necessary for example as one generation of antibiotics are unable to deal with the next generation of germs. The R&D process in turn requires the investment of economic profit which in turn can be labelled as a cost. The reinvested economic profit from the operation of such industries can be seen as a cost although it is not necessary that the amount of such an investment would e quate to the economic profit generated. For example, the pharmaceutical industry invests in the development of a medicine that it will continue to produce constantly for decades which indicates that the economic prof

The Decision-Making Process at Toyota

The Decision-Making Process at Toyota â€Å"The minor assessment is centred around Toyota’s annual report. Each student is expected to submit a case report, based also on the analysis of relevant background readings in addition to the case study itself, addressing the following issues:  · Explain what is meant by the term â€Å"decision-making† and analyse it in connection with the concepts of risk and uncertainty.  · Discuss the decision-making process at Toyota.  · Briefly analyse the automotive industry and explain how its dynamics influence Toyota’s managers in making decisions.  · Apply forecasting models to Toyota case study (e.g. provide a 2-year moving average graph using sales data).† Table of contents Introduction: The decision-making process 1 Risks and uncertainties in decision-making process 2 Case study: Decision-making process at Toyota 3 Automotive industry analysis 4 Influence of automotive industry in Toyota’s decision making process 5 Financial analysis 6 Forecasting model: 2-year moving average graph 7 Forecasting model: weighted moving average and exponential smoothing 8 Conclusion: Toyota heading towards Sustainable Growth 9 References and Sources 10 Introduction: The decision-making process We can define decision-making, as a conscious and human process, involving both individual and social phenomena, an ongoing process of evaluating alternatives for meeting an objective. A particular course of action to select that course of action most likely to result in attaining the objective. The decision-making process allow us to raise our vision beyond our immediate concerns and, in turn, allow us to evaluate our existing beliefs an actions in a new light in order to make an important and useful decision. Achieving an objective requires action leading to a desired outcome. In theory, how one proceeds should inevitably affect what one achieves, and in turn this should affect future actions. Risks and uncertainties in decision-making process The ability of a firm to absorb, transfer, and manage risk is critical in managements decision-making process when risky outcomes are involved. This will often define managements risk appetite and help to determine, once risks are identified and quantified, whether risky outcomes may be tolerated. For example, many financial risks can be absorbed or transferred through the use of a hedge, while legal risks might be mitigated through unique contract language. If managers believe that the firm is suited to absorb potential losses in the event the negative outcome occurs, they will have a larger appetite for risk given their capabilities to manage it. Managing uncertainty in decision-making relies on identifying, quantifying, and analyzing the factors that can affect outcomes. This enables managers to identify likely risks and their potential impact. Decision makers are used to assessing risk because decision-making is usually associated with some degree of risk taking, but not all outcomes are easily assessed. Some unknown outcomes may not previously have been seen or experienced and so they are uncertain. In theory the outcome may have a low probability to occur but if so would happen it could be troublesome. So it is important for every company, especially in ever changing and competitive markets to deal with risks using a ever-better decision-making process. All of the decisions anyhow are taken by individuals so the strategy for risk avoidance is tied in with a personal reference point. Of course it’s fundamental nowadays, for big corporations, to have extremely good employees in this department. The skills and needs of the decision-maker and the role of the decision within an organization, the importance of the risk analysis will depend on the objectives of the decision. A wise approach to decision-making might seek contributions from different angles. The importance placed on data analysis, management skills, organizational awareness, and custom and practice in the assessment of risk would be vital. In this field of course with any doubt Toyota is one of the finest players in the market, with a top notch decision-making process. Case study: Decision-making process at Toyota Automotive industry analysis The worldwide automotive market is highly competitive. Toyota faces intense competition from automotive manufacturers in the markets in which it operates. Although the global economy continues to recover gradually, competition in the automotive industry has further intensified among difficult overall market conditions. In addition, competition is likely to further intensify due to continuing globalization in the worldwide automotive industry, possibly resulting in further industry reorganization. Factors affecting competition include product quality and features, safety, reliability, fuel economy, the amount of time required for innovation and development, pricing, customer service and financing. Increased competition may lead to lower vehicle unit sales, which may result in a further downward price pressure and adversely affect Toyota’s financial condition and results of operations. Toyota’s ability to adequately respond to the recent rapid changes in the automotive ma rket and to maintain its competitiveness will be fundamental to its future success in existing and new markets and to maintain its market share. There can be no assurances that Toyota will be able to compete successfully in the future. That’s the risk connected with every business activity. Through this uncertainties Toyota has to deal with a top-notch management. Each of the markets in which Toyota competes has been subject to considerable volatility in demand, so the risk is becoming even higher year after year affecting all business decisions. Demand for vehicles depends on social, political and economic conditions in a given market and the introduction of new vehicles and technologies. As Toyota’s revenues are derived from sales in markets worldwide, economic conditions in such markets are particularly important to Toyota. In Japan, the economy gradually recovered due to increasing personal consumption and last-minute demand encouraged by the increase of the consumption tax. In the United States, the economy has seen constant gradual retrieval mainly due to increasing personal consumption and the European economy has shown signs of recovery too. In the meantime, growth in emerging markets slowed down due to weakening currencies of emerging markets, increases in interest rates of emerging markets to protect the local currencies, and political instability in some nations. The shifts in demand for automobiles is continuing, and it is unclear how this situation will transition in the future. Influence of automotive industry in Toyota’s decision making process Toyota’s future success depends on its ability to offer new innovative competitively products that meet customer demand on a timely basis. Their corporate DNA is headed to continuous innovation and ensure that tomorrow’s Toyota is even better than today’s. Toyota’s current management structure is based on the structure introduced in April 2011. In order to fulfill the Toyota Global Vision, Toyota reduced the Board of Directors and decision-making layers, changing the management process from the ground-up, facilitating rapid management decision-making. In April 2013, Toyota made organizational changes with the goal of additional increasing the speed of decision making by clarifying responsibilities for operations and earnings. In detail Toyota’s group divided the automotive business into the following four units —Lexus International (Lexus business); Toyota No. 1 (North America, Europe and Japan); Toyota No. 2 (China, Asia the Middle East, East Asia Oceania; Africa, Latin America the Caribbean); and Unit Center (engine, transmission, and other â€Å"unit†-related operations) Meeting customer demand by introducing attractive new vehicles and reducing the amount of time required for product development are critical to automotive producers. In particular, it is critical to meet customer demand with respect to quality, safety and reliability. The timely introduction of new vehicle models, at competitive prices, meeting rapidly changing customer preferences and demand is more fundamental to Toyota’s success than ever, as the automotive market is rapidly transforming in light of the changing global economy. Toyota has to be ready for every occasion to occur in this ever changing global economy. Toyota’s managers every year are taking under consideration every occasion to happen. Within a managerial decision-making context, a risk might be viewed as the chance of negative outcome for a decision which has a possible uncertainty element, usually on the downside. Financial Analysis In terms of finances, the carmaker boosted its profit forecast for the current fiscal year ending March, expecting net income to rise to 2.0 trillion yen ($16.97 billion, 14.7 billion euros). It also said revenue would come in at 26.5 trillion yen. Toyota Motor Corporation had revenues for the full year 2014 of 25.692tn. This was 16.44% above the prior years results. Regarding the competition between Toyota, Volkswagen and ford, top players in the market, Toyota is average a positive trend. Moreover Toyota has the highest income since the year 2009. Forecasting model: 2-year moving average graph Forecasting model: weighted moving average and exponential smoothing We could use instead different methods. The moving average is a simple method that doesn’t take in in consideration the weight or real value that a number has. In fact to overcome this issue we can adopt the â€Å"weighted moving average method† and the â€Å"exponential smoothing method†. Using the â€Å"weighted moving average method† I take under considerations 3 years, which I consider the most important. The value of weights it is based on the percentage growth every year. Using weighted moving average, we can have a better forecast. However, it is more important for a better forecast to use the exponential smoothing method. Here I take in consideration all of the years moving from 2008. Found out that the smoothing factor is pretty high, 0.99. I took under consideration 0.9 as my alpha because in this particular case higher alpha means that the recent history will have more weightage in the forecast calculation. As we can see from page 26/68 I took under consideration Toyota’s Consolidated Performance (U.S. GAAP). I think that the last one is the most appropriate method to see a realest forecast for the next year. Of course the calculation has been made â€Å"ceteris paribus† so everything it is supposed to be the same next year, but as showed before this particular market is subject to constant changes. For this reason and other random errors the forecast could be higher or lower, but however we can obviously see a positive trend in Toyota’s business. Thanks to the tireless efforts of all concerned, today Toyota’s group can take pride in the strengths of its management practices and culture. Even its president is convinced that they are now in a position to take a definitive step forward toward sustainable growth. Conclusion: Toyota heading towards Sustainable Growth So is Toyota heading towards a sustainable growth? What is the engine for sustainable growth? Toyota has learned from experience that they can achieve sustainable growth only if they manage to create great cars that bring smiles and if they foster the human resources needed to make this a reality. At the same time, ever-better cars can be produced only through efforts made by employees on the front line. Individuals must take ownership of their work and place the utmost emphasis on local manufacturing, swift decision making, and immediate action. As it continues to grow however, tasks that were once routine may become increasingly difficult to perform. As I see it, Toyota’s current situation is particularly critical as we are now entering another expansion phase. This is a really important moment for Toyota. For this, because of the risks associated with the future Toyota should continue to seek perfection in his work of manufacturing, but especially in its management process where the decision-making process takes a fundamental part. References and sources For further readings†¦ Ken Segall, Insanely Simple, the obsession that drives Apple’s success, Published by Portfolio Trade, 2013 Robbins, De cenzo Coulter, Fundamentals of management, Global edition, 8th Edition, Pearson Higher Education, (2014 version) Burns and Stalker, The management of innovation, Tovistock Publications, London, 1961 Some internet sites†¦ ADAPT OR DIE, by John S. McCallum – Ivey Business Journal about management [accessed November 18, 2014] http://iveybusinessjournal.com/topics/strategy/adapt-or-die#.VGvDZDSG_ng 1

How Entrepreneurs Differ from Other Business Owners Essay -- business

There has been a large amount of attention paid to the subject of entrepreneurship in the last few years; mainly because most people have chosen to go from working for somebody else to be their own bosses and work for their dreams. Yet, many still wonder what is entrepreneurship and what is that sets entrepreneurs apart from other regular business owners? Free-lance writer and expert in economic issues Jeanne Holden suggest: â€Å"There is no one definitive profile of an entrepreneur. Successful entrepreneurs come in various ages, income levels, gender, and race. They differ in education and experience. But research indicates that most successful entrepreneurs share certain personal attributes, including: creativity, dedication, determination, flexibility, leadership, passion, self-confidence, and smarts." (Principles of Entrepreneurship) These attributes are what characterize entrepreneurs and set them apart from other business owners. The first one is creativity, which refers to the way entrepreneurs can come up with different and innovative business ideas; they create, develop and ...

Celta – Pre-Course Task

CELTA Pre-Course Task – Pamela Thomason Task 1 1. My CELTA course will be within a multilingual group in a fairly small mixed gender class. Fellow students will all have some kind of formal education. 2. After finishing my CELTA I’ll probably teach both one-to-one lessons and lessons in monolingual groups. Task 2 1. I decided to teach adults partly because it will be easier to find employment in this context but I also like the idea of teaching to someone who voluntarily chose to learn the subject. 2. I can bring my experience as a language learner and teacher of my own language. 3.Adult learners are motivated to learn because they have chosen to study the subject. They may already speak several languages. They are usually disciplined. They may have ideas and expectations about how the class should go. Task 3 1. I would like to find out what other languages they speak, their level of education and their reason for wanting to learn English. I also think it would be usefu l to know about their interest and hobbies and their expectation for the course. 2. If the lesson is one to one I can ask the person directly. If it is a group class I might make them fill in a questionnaire.Task 4. I believe the most challenging learners would be the one who are studying English because of pressure from their parents. Task 5 I would say sense of humour, patience, enthusiasm, gives clear information and feedback, friendliness. Task 6 I associate grammar with logic, good writing, dryness (in the context of language learning), something difficult to memorise. Task 7 1. Correct 2. I went to the movies last night 3. He often comes late. 4. Correct. 5. Can I have a black coffee, please? 6. People with 12 items or fewer can queue here. Task 8First of all grammar is part of the teaching of a language and a teacher needs to know the subject he/she is teaching. It is also important that the students trust their teachers and can rely on them for any doubts or questions. Not k nowing the answer to their questions makes them doubt your teaching skills and discourages them from learning. Task 9 1. pronoun 2. article 3. conjunction 4. adverb 5. adjective 6. verb 7. demonstrative adjective 8. preposition 9. verb 10. noun Task 10 1. Lexical 2. Lexical 3. Auxiliary 4. Auxiliary 5. Auxiliary 6. Lexical Task 11 1. lexical 2. auxiliary 3. auxiliary 4. lexical 5. lexical 6. lexical 7. uxiliary 8. lexical Task 12 1-C 2-E 3-B 4-A 5-D Task 13 1 past tense form 2 –ing form 3 3rd person –present simple tense 4 base form 5 past participle form Task 14 Hear – heard – heard – irregular, Do – did – done – irregular, Help – helped – helped – irregular, Think – thought – thought – irregular, Take – took – taken – irregular, Steal – stole – stolen – irregular, Go – went – gone – irregular, Drink – drank – drunk – irregular, Arrive – arrived – arrived – regular. Task 15 1. Past progressive active. 2. Past modal perfect active. 3. Present perfect active. 4. Past progressive passive. 5. Past active 6. Modal progressive active.Task 16 1. Present continuous 2. Past simple 3. Present simple 4. Past perfect 5. Present simple 6. Future perfect 7. Past simple – Past continuous 8. Present perfect continuous Task 17 1. Past 2. Future 3. Past up until present 4. Present 5. Present (maybe past and future too) Task 18 The verb â€Å"to be†. The â€Å"ing† form. Task 19 – Future – The action takes place regularly (past, present, future) – Past- the action takes place in the moment of the story Task 20 All these verbs cannot be use in the progressive form. The simple present should be used in these cases. Task 21 How the word is pronounced. If it is a noun, adjective, verb, pronoun etc.If it is a noun if it is countable or uncoun table. If it is a verb, if it is transitive or intransitive. Bigger dictionaries also provide examples of usage. Task 22 1. â€Å"Highest† is incorrect. When speaking about people’s heights the adjective â€Å"tall† is used. 2. â€Å"Enervated† is a very formal word – not appropriate in this context. 3. â€Å"Pretentious† has a negative connotation and conflicts with the statement that it is a good essay 4. A slap cannot be loving 5. Footing is not used Task 23 1. Adverb-adjective collocation 2. Verb-noun collocation, verb-noun collocation 3. Adverb-adjective collocation 4. Verb-preposition collocation 5.Adverb-adjective collocation 6. Verb-preposition collocation; adjective-noun collocation Task 24 1-B; 2-C; 3-A Task 25 1-B; 2-C; 3-A Task 26 1. Their 2. South 3. Language. 4. Peaceful 5. Young 6. Call 7. Search 8. Equation 9. Sugar Task 27 1. guarantee 2. cavalry 3. mechanisation 4. language 5. retreat 6. speculative 7. success 8. balance 9. identity 10. articulate. Task 28 Photograph, photography, photographer, photographic To record/a record, to increase/an increase, to present/a present, to import/an import They may experience problems because the words have the same root but the stress falls in different syllables. Task 29Mother, forget, announce, tonight, notable, mention, patrol, indicative Task 30 Work-related email – read carefully paying attention to all the details Short newspapers articles – read to understand the message of the text Long newspaper articles – browsing through, trying to gasp the main message Task 31 1. Gist reading/Reading to infer 2. Scan reading 3. Reading to infer 4. Gist reading/Intensive reading Task 32 It is time consuming, can put the person off. It is difficult to keep the interest alive when you have to pause every two minutes. It is also useless as the main information can be obtained even without understanding all the words.Task 33 They may have studied the la nguage in the past in their native country and learned the phonetic sounds differently (it happened to me) so they don’t recognise the words. When reading you know when a word starts and end, when listening it is not always so. In reading you have more time to process information. Task 34 I was listening to a friend. I did that in two ways. We were first chatting and then discussing when and where to meet later. In the former case I was listening to infer her point of view on things, in the second case I was listening in a way that focused on the information I needed. I also spoke to my mum.Since she does a lot of small talk I was skim listening, just making sure I could follow her thread of thoughts without paying to much attention to details. Task 35 1. Intensive listening 2. Gist listening 3. Scan listening 4. Intensive listening 5. Listening to infer meaning 6. Gist listening Task 36 Learning grammar doesn’t give you the ability to speak a language. When we acquire our mother tongue we learn how to speak first and then learn the grammar. Something similar should happen when learning a new language. Listening and speaking are key. Task 37 1. Could be clear depending on context but generally I would say no 2.Yes 3. Yes 4. It is ambiguous in itself but as a reply to A it is understandable. Task 38 1. Transactional 2. Transactional 3. Interactional 4. Interactional 5. Transactional 6. Interactional Task 39 They acquire confidence. They find themselves in real life situation as opposed to just doing learning abstract things. They can learn something from the people they are talking to. They learn other, non-verbal skills, to make themselves understood and that helps the improvement of the language on the long run. Task 40 1. S 2. W 3. S 4. S 5. W 6. S 7. S 8. W 9. W. 10. W 11. W. 12. S Task 41 1.She threw the ball hard so it hurt hen I caught it. The words â€Å"though† and â€Å"threw† and â€Å"caught† and â€Å"caught† sound the same. 2. My brother lives in Sweden. The vowels are not pronounced. It could also be that the student’s mother tongue does not use many vowels. 3. However hard I try it never works. The confusion may come from the fact that â€Å"however† can also be used as an adverb to introduce a contrasting idea and in that case it is followed by a comma. 4. First of all he invited me to sit down, after that he offered me a coffee. I was very surprised by his politeness. The student is not familiar with punctuation and capitalisation.Task 42 There are spelling issues and also cohesion and syntax mistakes. To improve the students’ writing skills I would encourage them to write and then correct their mistakes. I would also make them do a lot of reading. Task 43 a. 3; b. 6; c. 1; d. 5; e. 2; f. 7 Task 44 1. f; 2. g; 3. b; 4. e; 5. i; 6. h. 7. d 8. c. 9. a Task 45 1. the word is idiomatic and probably unknown to the student. Can be substituted with â€Å"write that down†. 2. too indirect – can be confusing. Substitute with: Look at question number 4 and answer it. 3. too many instruction at the same time. Substitute with: Read the text on page 3.After they complete the task: Compare the answer with the person next you. After they complete the task: Write a short summary and story and discuss it with your partner. 4. Ambiguous. Substitute with â€Å"Answer the question at the bottom of the page†. Task 46. 1. Working in group is vital to improve your communication skills and acquire fluency. Students interacting in a group reinforce their own learning. 2. If I translate everything you become dependant on translation. You do not learn a language by simply translating. It can also occur that there is no one-to-one translation from your language to English. . Prejudice is not tolerated in this classroom. If you want to learn you have to set aside all prejudice and be open to difference. Without this open mindset you cannot lear n. 4. Books are important in giving you a structure and allowing you to review at home. Task 47 I would arrange the classroom so that the students playing the assistant and those asking the questions are facing each other. I could use pictures of different language schools and handouts with course information. There could be confusion on the order in which the â€Å"potential students† consult the â€Å"information desk assistants†.Some students may finish earlier than others. Task 48 1. I would explain that â€Å"slim† is the opposite of fat and usually has a positive connotation while â€Å"thin† means very slim, possibly too slim and can have a negative connotation. I would then make examples of famous people who are either slim of thin. Maybe I would ask students to provide examples too. 2. In this case I would mime the two gestures. 3. I would explain that the first expression refers to something that happened regularly in the past while the second o ne refers to the present and it means that I always get up early so it is not a problem for me. . I would explain that â€Å"nervous† means agitated and â€Å"upset† means worried or sad about something. For example: â€Å"I am nervous because I have an exam† and â€Å"I am upset because I failed the exam†. 5. The first expression refers to the present time so it is for 4 weeks back from now. The second one for weeks back from some specific event. Eg. â€Å"Four weeks ago I went to the doctor. † Four weeks before my trip I went to the doctor†. I might also express this graphically with a drawing. Task 49 1.I think the reason the students could not answer questions about the text is that they were to focusing on reading it correctly to pay attention to the content. Personally I would let them read silently and then ask questions. 2. In this case it may be that the topic they were asked to discuss was too advanced and students did not have suff icient vocabulary to tackle it. I would change it to something easier. Task 50 A teacher is a professional and, like all professionals, has to adhere to certain rules. All the points indicated are part of a teacher’s responsibility towards the students and the institution he/she is working for. Celta – Pre-Course Task CELTA Pre-Course Task – Pamela Thomason Task 1 1. My CELTA course will be within a multilingual group in a fairly small mixed gender class. Fellow students will all have some kind of formal education. 2. After finishing my CELTA I’ll probably teach both one-to-one lessons and lessons in monolingual groups. Task 2 1. I decided to teach adults partly because it will be easier to find employment in this context but I also like the idea of teaching to someone who voluntarily chose to learn the subject. 2. I can bring my experience as a language learner and teacher of my own language. 3.Adult learners are motivated to learn because they have chosen to study the subject. They may already speak several languages. They are usually disciplined. They may have ideas and expectations about how the class should go. Task 3 1. I would like to find out what other languages they speak, their level of education and their reason for wanting to learn English. I also think it would be usefu l to know about their interest and hobbies and their expectation for the course. 2. If the lesson is one to one I can ask the person directly. If it is a group class I might make them fill in a questionnaire.Task 4. I believe the most challenging learners would be the one who are studying English because of pressure from their parents. Task 5 I would say sense of humour, patience, enthusiasm, gives clear information and feedback, friendliness. Task 6 I associate grammar with logic, good writing, dryness (in the context of language learning), something difficult to memorise. Task 7 1. Correct 2. I went to the movies last night 3. He often comes late. 4. Correct. 5. Can I have a black coffee, please? 6. People with 12 items or fewer can queue here. Task 8First of all grammar is part of the teaching of a language and a teacher needs to know the subject he/she is teaching. It is also important that the students trust their teachers and can rely on them for any doubts or questions. Not k nowing the answer to their questions makes them doubt your teaching skills and discourages them from learning. Task 9 1. pronoun 2. article 3. conjunction 4. adverb 5. adjective 6. verb 7. demonstrative adjective 8. preposition 9. verb 10. noun Task 10 1. Lexical 2. Lexical 3. Auxiliary 4. Auxiliary 5. Auxiliary 6. Lexical Task 11 1. lexical 2. auxiliary 3. auxiliary 4. lexical 5. lexical 6. lexical 7. uxiliary 8. lexical Task 12 1-C 2-E 3-B 4-A 5-D Task 13 1 past tense form 2 –ing form 3 3rd person –present simple tense 4 base form 5 past participle form Task 14 Hear – heard – heard – irregular, Do – did – done – irregular, Help – helped – helped – irregular, Think – thought – thought – irregular, Take – took – taken – irregular, Steal – stole – stolen – irregular, Go – went – gone – irregular, Drink – drank – drunk – irregular, Arrive – arrived – arrived – regular. Task 15 1. Past progressive active. 2. Past modal perfect active. 3. Present perfect active. 4. Past progressive passive. 5. Past active 6. Modal progressive active.Task 16 1. Present continuous 2. Past simple 3. Present simple 4. Past perfect 5. Present simple 6. Future perfect 7. Past simple – Past continuous 8. Present perfect continuous Task 17 1. Past 2. Future 3. Past up until present 4. Present 5. Present (maybe past and future too) Task 18 The verb â€Å"to be†. The â€Å"ing† form. Task 19 – Future – The action takes place regularly (past, present, future) – Past- the action takes place in the moment of the story Task 20 All these verbs cannot be use in the progressive form. The simple present should be used in these cases. Task 21 How the word is pronounced. If it is a noun, adjective, verb, pronoun etc.If it is a noun if it is countable or uncoun table. If it is a verb, if it is transitive or intransitive. Bigger dictionaries also provide examples of usage. Task 22 1. â€Å"Highest† is incorrect. When speaking about people’s heights the adjective â€Å"tall† is used. 2. â€Å"Enervated† is a very formal word – not appropriate in this context. 3. â€Å"Pretentious† has a negative connotation and conflicts with the statement that it is a good essay 4. A slap cannot be loving 5. Footing is not used Task 23 1. Adverb-adjective collocation 2. Verb-noun collocation, verb-noun collocation 3. Adverb-adjective collocation 4. Verb-preposition collocation 5.Adverb-adjective collocation 6. Verb-preposition collocation; adjective-noun collocation Task 24 1-B; 2-C; 3-A Task 25 1-B; 2-C; 3-A Task 26 1. Their 2. South 3. Language. 4. Peaceful 5. Young 6. Call 7. Search 8. Equation 9. Sugar Task 27 1. guarantee 2. cavalry 3. mechanisation 4. language 5. retreat 6. speculative 7. success 8. balance 9. identity 10. articulate. Task 28 Photograph, photography, photographer, photographic To record/a record, to increase/an increase, to present/a present, to import/an import They may experience problems because the words have the same root but the stress falls in different syllables. Task 29Mother, forget, announce, tonight, notable, mention, patrol, indicative Task 30 Work-related email – read carefully paying attention to all the details Short newspapers articles – read to understand the message of the text Long newspaper articles – browsing through, trying to gasp the main message Task 31 1. Gist reading/Reading to infer 2. Scan reading 3. Reading to infer 4. Gist reading/Intensive reading Task 32 It is time consuming, can put the person off. It is difficult to keep the interest alive when you have to pause every two minutes. It is also useless as the main information can be obtained even without understanding all the words.Task 33 They may have studied the la nguage in the past in their native country and learned the phonetic sounds differently (it happened to me) so they don’t recognise the words. When reading you know when a word starts and end, when listening it is not always so. In reading you have more time to process information. Task 34 I was listening to a friend. I did that in two ways. We were first chatting and then discussing when and where to meet later. In the former case I was listening to infer her point of view on things, in the second case I was listening in a way that focused on the information I needed. I also spoke to my mum.Since she does a lot of small talk I was skim listening, just making sure I could follow her thread of thoughts without paying to much attention to details. Task 35 1. Intensive listening 2. Gist listening 3. Scan listening 4. Intensive listening 5. Listening to infer meaning 6. Gist listening Task 36 Learning grammar doesn’t give you the ability to speak a language. When we acquire our mother tongue we learn how to speak first and then learn the grammar. Something similar should happen when learning a new language. Listening and speaking are key. Task 37 1. Could be clear depending on context but generally I would say no 2.Yes 3. Yes 4. It is ambiguous in itself but as a reply to A it is understandable. Task 38 1. Transactional 2. Transactional 3. Interactional 4. Interactional 5. Transactional 6. Interactional Task 39 They acquire confidence. They find themselves in real life situation as opposed to just doing learning abstract things. They can learn something from the people they are talking to. They learn other, non-verbal skills, to make themselves understood and that helps the improvement of the language on the long run. Task 40 1. S 2. W 3. S 4. S 5. W 6. S 7. S 8. W 9. W. 10. W 11. W. 12. S Task 41 1.She threw the ball hard so it hurt hen I caught it. The words â€Å"though† and â€Å"threw† and â€Å"caught† and â€Å"caught† sound the same. 2. My brother lives in Sweden. The vowels are not pronounced. It could also be that the student’s mother tongue does not use many vowels. 3. However hard I try it never works. The confusion may come from the fact that â€Å"however† can also be used as an adverb to introduce a contrasting idea and in that case it is followed by a comma. 4. First of all he invited me to sit down, after that he offered me a coffee. I was very surprised by his politeness. The student is not familiar with punctuation and capitalisation.Task 42 There are spelling issues and also cohesion and syntax mistakes. To improve the students’ writing skills I would encourage them to write and then correct their mistakes. I would also make them do a lot of reading. Task 43 a. 3; b. 6; c. 1; d. 5; e. 2; f. 7 Task 44 1. f; 2. g; 3. b; 4. e; 5. i; 6. h. 7. d 8. c. 9. a Task 45 1. the word is idiomatic and probably unknown to the student. Can be substituted with â€Å"write that down†. 2. too indirect – can be confusing. Substitute with: Look at question number 4 and answer it. 3. too many instruction at the same time. Substitute with: Read the text on page 3.After they complete the task: Compare the answer with the person next you. After they complete the task: Write a short summary and story and discuss it with your partner. 4. Ambiguous. Substitute with â€Å"Answer the question at the bottom of the page†. Task 46. 1. Working in group is vital to improve your communication skills and acquire fluency. Students interacting in a group reinforce their own learning. 2. If I translate everything you become dependant on translation. You do not learn a language by simply translating. It can also occur that there is no one-to-one translation from your language to English. . Prejudice is not tolerated in this classroom. If you want to learn you have to set aside all prejudice and be open to difference. Without this open mindset you cannot lear n. 4. Books are important in giving you a structure and allowing you to review at home. Task 47 I would arrange the classroom so that the students playing the assistant and those asking the questions are facing each other. I could use pictures of different language schools and handouts with course information. There could be confusion on the order in which the â€Å"potential students† consult the â€Å"information desk assistants†.Some students may finish earlier than others. Task 48 1. I would explain that â€Å"slim† is the opposite of fat and usually has a positive connotation while â€Å"thin† means very slim, possibly too slim and can have a negative connotation. I would then make examples of famous people who are either slim of thin. Maybe I would ask students to provide examples too. 2. In this case I would mime the two gestures. 3. I would explain that the first expression refers to something that happened regularly in the past while the second o ne refers to the present and it means that I always get up early so it is not a problem for me. . I would explain that â€Å"nervous† means agitated and â€Å"upset† means worried or sad about something. For example: â€Å"I am nervous because I have an exam† and â€Å"I am upset because I failed the exam†. 5. The first expression refers to the present time so it is for 4 weeks back from now. The second one for weeks back from some specific event. Eg. â€Å"Four weeks ago I went to the doctor. † Four weeks before my trip I went to the doctor†. I might also express this graphically with a drawing. Task 49 1.I think the reason the students could not answer questions about the text is that they were to focusing on reading it correctly to pay attention to the content. Personally I would let them read silently and then ask questions. 2. In this case it may be that the topic they were asked to discuss was too advanced and students did not have suff icient vocabulary to tackle it. I would change it to something easier. Task 50 A teacher is a professional and, like all professionals, has to adhere to certain rules. All the points indicated are part of a teacher’s responsibility towards the students and the institution he/she is working for.